The Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, has successfully launched a large-scale community program this year, utilising the innovative COSA screening tool to identify over 1,000 individuals at high risk for osteoporosis. This initiative has significantly increased the rate of medical follow-ups among seniors, establishing a model for enhancing bone health within primary care settings.
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease, affecting approximately 30 per cent of women and 8 per cent of men in Hong Kong. However, the condition often goes undetected, with many patients only becoming aware of their diagnosis after experiencing a fragility fracture. Such fractures not only impair mobility but also significantly increase mortality risk. Furthermore, studies indicate that the annual treatment cost for hip fractures in Hong Kong can reach as high as HKD 660 million, highlighting the substantial burden of fragility fractures on patients, caregivers, and the public healthcare system.
To identify individuals at risk for osteoporosis and prevent fragility fractures, The Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, has launched a territory-wide COSA Osteoporosis Community Screening Programme. This initiative, in collaboration with over 20 NGOs and multi-disciplinary medical societies, spans various districts across Hong Kong. It employs the innovative Chinese Osteoporosis Screening Algorithm (COSA), specifically designed for the Chinese population. The programme aims to screen and educate individuals aged 50 and above about the importance of osteoporosis awareness and prevention.
As of August 2024, over 5,000 eligible seniors have completed the screening. The results revealed that nearly 30 per cent (approximately 1,600 seniors) were identified as high-risk individuals who require referrals to doctors for follow-up and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for diagnosis and treatment planning. The screening process also included an awareness survey, which indicated that many seniors have a limited understanding of osteoporosis and underestimate its serious consequences.
Key findings from the awareness survey are as follows:
1. Approximately 80 per cent of respondents were unaware that osteoporosis is a “silent disease”
Most patients do not exhibit any symptoms, yet only a small percentage (24 per cent) of seniors recognised that osteoporosis can be asymptomatic. Many respondents mistakenly believed that knee pain (49 per cent) is a symptom of osteoporosis, potentially leading them to overlook the seriousness of the disease. This lack of knowledge may result in delayed diagnosis and treatment.
2. Only about 20 per cent of seniors had undergone a DXA scan
DXA is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis; however, the survey found that only 22% of respondents had received a DXA examination, and over half had not participated in any osteoporosis-related screenings. This suggests a significant lack of awareness on bone health amongst senior individuals. Furthermore, the low DXA scan rates among seniors, especially when DXA scans are commonly available indicate a significant gap in osteoporosis screening and awareness. This suggests a need for improved education and access to bone health assessments.
3. The “screening followed by referral” model successfully encouraged over half of high-risk individuals to seek medical follow-up
Based on the findings from follow-up with high-risk individuals, approximately 60 per cent consulted public or private doctors, and nearly 40 per cent successfully underwent DXA scans. Of those diagnosed, around 90 per cent were confirmed to have osteoporosis or osteopenia and began receiving treatment. This demonstrates that COSA can effectively identify osteoporosis patients, prompting early medical consultation to prevent fragility fractures. Furthermore, COSA is a hassle-free, publicly available, a risk predictor tool with just four questions that can be completed within one minute. The tool can effectively identify high risk individuals that needs further diagnosis with DXA scans. Hence, the use of COSA risk predictor tool is also cost-effective whereby DXA scans and resources can be prioritised for high-risk individuals.
Professor Cheung Ching-lung, Associate Professor, The Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, and Convenor of the COSA Osteoporosis Community Screening Programme, stated, “The survey highlights a critical lack of awareness about osteoporosis among seniors in Hong Kong. Very few individuals undergo regular bone density testing. Osteoporosis is a condition that can be prevented, diagnosed, and treated. Early risk assessments are essential for preventing and managing the disease, increasing bone density, and reducing the risk of fractures.” He further noted that international studies have shown that employing risk assessment tools in primary care settings for seniors is both cost-effective and significantly reduces the incidence of fractures and associated treatment costs, ultimately benefiting society as a whole.
A Three-Pronged Approach to Osteoporosis Prevention
To effectively tackle the threat of osteoporosis, over 20 experts from various medical societies and NGOs convened for a cross-sector meeting in June 2024. Professor Cheung Ching-lung noted that the expert group acknowledged the necessity of a three-pronged approach to successfully prevent osteoporosis:
1. Public Education
Educating the community, especially senior individuals, about fragility fractures and osteoporosis, including its implications, prevention, treatment and long-term care required for the disease.
2. Proactive Screening
Widely utilising the COSA risk predication tool by incorporating COSA risk prediction tool as part of routine service in healthcare touch points such as elderly centres, district health centres and community pharmacists to identify high-risk individuals. High risk individuals can later on be referred for diagnosis with DXA scans. Utilise healthcare vouchers issued by the Department of Health for seniors can be used to as a co-payment DXA scans to encourage senior individuals to undergo osteoporosis screening.
3. Appropriate Treatment
Strengthening the roles of elderly centres, community health centres and pharmacies in ensuring a long-term care of osteoporosis elderlies. Enhance training for family doctors in managing osteoporosis, and establishing a “co-payment model” to reduce financial burden of patients to seek private healthcare services for timely treatment whilst preventing fragility fractures which subsequently resulting in broader financial and disability burden.
In response to World Osteoporosis Day on October 20, representatives from the HKSAR Government, healthcare community, and NGOs, along with nearly a hundred volunteers, gathered at Tuen Mun Ching Chung Koon to conduct a large-scale community screening today (October 6). This event screened over 1,020 local seniors aged 60 and above (symbolising October 20) using COSA to raise community and citywide awareness of osteoporosis.
Source: COSA
